Signal Processing for Communication Systems
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) is a key performance metric in communication systems, particularly in digital modulation schemes. It quantifies the difference between the actual transmitted signal and the received signal, thereby measuring the quality of the transmitted signal. EVM is expressed as a percentage or in decibels (dB). Applications of EVM EVM is a crucial … Read more
Key focus: How to implement the basic addition operation on two discrete time signal sequences. Python code for signal addition is provided. Signal addition Given two discrete-time sequences \(x_1[n]\) and \(x_2[n]\), the addition of these two sequences is represented as \(x_1[n]+ x_2[n]\). The start of the sample at \(n=0\) can be different for these two … Read more
In digital signal processing, we utilize various elementary sequences for the purpose of analysis. In this series, we will see such sequences. One such elementary sequence is the real-valued exponential sequence. (see the articles on unit sample sequence, unit step sequence, real-valued exponential sequence) A complex-valued exponential sequence in signals and systems is a discrete-time … Read more
In digital signal processing, we utilize various elementary sequences for the purpose of analysis. In this series, we will see such sequences. One such elementary sequence is the real-valued exponential sequence. (see the articles on unit sample sequence, unit step sequence, complex exponential sequence) An exponential sequence in signals and systems is a discrete-time sequence … Read more
In digital signal processing, we utilize various elementary sequences for the purpose of analysis. In this series, we will see such sequences. One such elementary sequence is the unit step sequence (see the articles on unit sample sequence, unit step sequence, real-valued exponential sequence, complex exponential sequence). Unit Step Sequence A unit step sequence is … Read more
In digital signal processing, we utilize various elementary sequences for the purpose of analysis. In this series, we will see such sequences. One such elementary sequence is the unit sample sequence (see the articles on unit sample sequence, unit step sequence, real-valued exponential sequence, complex exponential sequence) A unit sample sequence, also known as an … Read more
Keywords: orthogonality, vectors, functions, dot product, inner product, discrete, Python programming, data analysis, visualization Orthogonality Orthogonality is a mathematical principle that signifies the absence of correlation or relationship between two vectors (signals). It implies that the vectors or signals involved are mutually independent or unrelated. Two vectors (signals) A and B are said to be … Read more
Keywords: Markov Chain, Python, probability, data analysis, data science Markov Chain Markov chain is a probabilistic models that describe a sequence of observations whose occurrence are statistically dependent only on the previous ones. This article is about implementing Markov chain in Python Markov chain is described in one of the earlier posts. For better understanding … Read more
Keywords: Spectrogram, signal processing, time-frequency analysis, speech recognition, music analysis, frequency domain, time domain, python Introduction A spectrogram is a visual representation of the frequency content of a signal over time. Spectrograms are widely used in signal processing applications to analyze and visualize time-varying signals, such as speech and audio signals. In this article, we … Read more
Key focus: Briefly look at linear antennas and various dipole antennas and plot the normalized power gain pattern in polar plot and three dimensional plot. Linear antennas Linear antennas are electrically thin antennas whose conductor diameter is very small compared to the wavelength of the radiation λ. Viewed in a spherical coordinate system (Figure 1), … Read more