Signal Processing for Communication Systems
Bernoulli random variable is a discrete random variable with two outcomes – success and failure, with probabilities p and (1-p). It is a good model for binary data generators and also for modeling bit error patterns in the received binary data when a communication channel introduces random errors. To generate a Bernoulli random variable X, … Read more
An important consideration for propagation models are the existence of objects within what is called the first Fresnel zone. Fresnel zones, referenced in Figure 1 are ellipsoids with the foci at the transmitter and the receiver, where the path length between the direct path and the alternative paths are multiples of half-wavelength (). Rays emanating … Read more
Modeling diffraction loss Propagation environments may have obstacles that hinder the radio transmission path between the transmitter and the receiver. Idealized models for estimating the signal loss associated with diffraction by such obstacles are available. The shape of the obstacles considered in these model are too idealized for real-life applications, nevertheless, these models can serve … Read more
Friis propagation model considers the line-of-sight (LOS) path between the transmitter and the receiver. The expression for the received power becomes complicated if the effect of reflections from the earth surface has to be incorporated in the modeling. In addition to the line-of-sight path, a single reflected path is added in the two ray ground … Read more
Outdoor propagation models involve estimation of propagation loss over irregular terrains such as mountainous regions, simple curved earth profile, etc., with obstacles like trees and buildings. All such models predict the received signal strength at a particular distance or on a small sector. These models vary in approach, accuracy and complexity. Hata Okumura model is … Read more
Radio propagation models play an important role in designing a communication system for real world applications. Propagation models are instrumental in predicting the behavior of a communication system over different environments. This chapter is aimed at providing the ideas behind the simulation of some of the subtopics in large scale propagation models, such as, free … Read more
Key focus: Let’s learn how to simulate matched filter receiver with square root raised cosine (SRRC) filter, for a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) system. Simulation Model A basic pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) system as DSP implementation, is shown in Figure 1 by adding an upsampler (), pulse shaping function () at the transmitter and a … Read more
Introduction to precoding Intersymbol interference (ISI) is a common problem in telecommunication systems, such as terrestrial television broadcasting, digital data communication systems, and cellular mobile communication systems. Dispersive effects in high-speed data transmission and multipath fading are the main reasons for ISI. To maximize the capacity, the transmission bandwidth must be extended to the entire … Read more
Impulse response and frequency response of PR signaling schemes Consider a minimum bandwidth system in which the filter is represented as a cascaded combination of a partial response filter and a minimum bandwidth filter . Since is a brick-wall filter, the frequency response of the whole system is equivalent to frequency response of the FIR … Read more
Consider the generic baseband communication system model and its equivalent representation, shown in Figure 1, where the various blocks in the system are represented as filters. To have no ISI at the symbol sampling instants, the equivalent filter should satisfy Nyquist’s first criterion. If the system is ideal and noiseless, it can be characterized by … Read more